1 SCULPTURE
Sculpture – is the art of making figures, such as human forms, animals or geometrics that can either be standing freely or attached to a background frame; either single or in group.
When it can stand freely, it is called three-dimensinal or free-standing sculpture, where the viewer can go around the figure and gaze it at different angles. The different parts of the figure: front, back, and side are all exposed to the viewer.
When the figure is mounted to the background, which may either be a frame, a wall or a flat surface, it is called a relief sculpture.
In low field sculpture, the figure is raised only a little from the background, as in the case of coins.
Sunken relief - is largely restricted to the art of Ancient Egypt
The Elements of Sculpture
Subject
It tells what the sculpture is all about. Since art is the expression of oneself, subject is the best avenue when an artist can manifest his emotions, his own thoughts, love and frustrations, victory and defeat. A sculptor has an unlimited subjects to exploit, from animals, human emotions, human body and many more.
Medium
Common materials used are wood, metal, rock, marble, clay, wax, plastic or even ice. Medium, therefore, refers to the material used by the artist in the completion of his work.
Texture
Literally, texture refers to the touch of the skin against the surface or the body of a given sculpture. Figuratively, it refers to the interpretation given both by the artist and the admirer towards the piece.
Space
Space refers to the portion or area where the piece stands.
The Process of Creation
Subtraction
The carving of stone and wood is an example of this process. The artist using his chisels, hammers, and other tools, deducts parts from the medium to form a designed image with perfect lines and angles.
Addition
The construction of a figure by putting together bits of clay or by welding together metal parts to create an image is addition. (Faulkner et al).
Combined Materials
This method happens when a combination of small pieces of materials such as plastic or moist dry clay is worked and modelled into desired form which may then be subjected to intense heat to produce a ceramic known as terracotta. Wire, rods and plates may also be combined by soldering or welding.
SHORT HISTORY OF SCULPTURE
Egyptian Sculpture
It is characterized from stone placed on tombs of important persons or temples of powerful rulers.
Greek Sculpture (500 BC – 410 BC)
Roman Sculpture
Byzantine Sculpture
This period is memorable among Christians since this is the time of Catholic liberation. The roman persecution of Christians ended and the celebration of the mass became legal. Common subjects prominent during this era are Biblical Characters, and the image of the God the Father as a bearded old man. Saints were not yet popular since the church was only a few years old then, after the death of Christ.
Romanesque Sculpture
It is a continuation of the Byzantine era where almost no difference in subject is observed.
Gothic Sculpture
It was the most elaborate of all the eras. Sculptors were meticulous on the garments worn by their figures. The embroideries and folds of their clothing were emphasized.
Renaissance Sculpture (1270-1594)
Renaissance was the Golden Era of Arts and this period brought back the adoration of the human body introduced by the Greeks. Nude sculpture such that of David by Michelangelo is a fine example of this period.
Baroque Sculpture
Bernini’s work such as The Ecstacy of St. Teresa which focuses on human emotions of love, pain, and suffering are the main features of this era.
Rococo Sculpture (1715-1774)
With the hangover of the Medieval period, noble men and women elevated their choice of art displays into a more detailed manner. In the court of influential kings or queens especially in France , England and Spain
Realist and Naturalist (1800 – 1895)
This is the period of truth, the presentation of good and evil, what really exists in reality.
Modern Century Sculpture
Modern sculpture is a combination of all periods in the history of mankind with addition of cubism and abstract.
Sculpture in the Philippines
Since praying and worshiping is apart of Filipino life, it is said that of all other arts, sculpture witnessed the rise and fall of the Filipinos. This is simply because since earliest times, sculpture was there to create an image used for worship, even before, during and after the arrival of the Spaniards on Philippine shores.
Cultural minorities carved their bulul or anito, a figure which is either in sitting or standing position. It is made from hard cut wood from the forest. This figure is seen with its hands touching its knees. This figure is popular among the Ifugaos.
GREAT SCULPTORS OF ALL TIMES
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini emerged as the chief artist to the Vatican Vatican Rome
Pierre Puget, a Frenchman, was a student of Bernini. When Italy was in decline, France was about to emerge as a super power inEurope . It was during this time when Louis XIV made an enormous effort to bring arts to France
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Michelangelo is best remembered for his David. This masterpiece was executed in the nude considering the time when it was carved. The word then was conservative, but because the focus was more on the physical beauty, rather than depth of emotion, it gained acceptance and praise. Another masterpiece is La Pieta which features the dead Christ on the lap of the grieving Mother. Thesculpture is almost perfect, the sadness, anguish and the pain on the face of the Virgin Mary was captured and defined. Christ himself is a picture of an aching soul-betrayed by friends. Many who witnessed this magnificent art, say that even without knowing the story of Christ and Mary, the sculpture will tell you the full details of their sadness that will make you cry.
Eduardo Castrillo
He is a sculptor, a painter, a jeweller and truly the artist of realism and of modern time. This is because of his valuable contribution to art and science and his sense of nationalism in his artwork. He received various awards and citations both from private and government institutions. In 1970, he received the thirteenth Artist Award of the Cultural Center of the Philippines
Castrillo is the favourite of many historians and religious to carve a significant historical event as an important historical mark for an equally historical place. Some of his monumental works are;
- The Liberators (1980) – the landmark of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. It features the fulfilment of a promise made by a man named Gen. Douglas McArthur as he embarked on the
- People Power (1993) located along EDSA, adjacent to the EDSA Shrine. This monument costs millions. It is composed of many figures, unique of them all is the woman with a cut chain on both hands. It symbolizes the liberation of the
- The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal (1991)
- The Tender Moments with Josephine (1991)
- The Mock Trial (1991)
- Rizal Consoling his Family (1991)
- The Last Walks to Bagumbayan (1991)
- The Writing of Mi Ultimo Adios (1991)
Among the Religious Icons carved under him are as follows:
- Our Lady of Remedios (1973). It was installed in front of Our Lady of Consolation church in Malate,
- The ascending Christ on the Cross (1991). This piece was executed for the Dominican Sisters Seminary in
Other religious icons are:
v La Pieta (19660
v The Redemption (1974)
v The Apostles (1977)
v Our Lady of Loreto (1976)
Castrillo will always be remembered with his above-mentioned works and as an artist, he will always be remembered as the sculptor of bronze, steel, iron and aluminium which are all metals, his favourite mediums.
Guillermo Tolentino
One of his monumental creations and lasting legacy to his race is the inspiration that could be taken from the Bonifacio Monument (1933) located at Caloocan City
Another great contribution of Tolentino is the Oblation Statue of the University of the Philippines
Napoleon Abueva
He is the modern Filipino sculptor. He did abstraction, experimentation and modern techniques in sculpture. Some of his works are Baby Moses (1951) and Ring of the Gods (1971).
VI. Discussion Questions:
- In what aspects is sculpture similar to painting?
- Differentiate between subtraction and addition techniques in terms of how they are used in sculpture.
- What role does sculpture play in the lives of the Filipinos.
- Name some of the sculptors of all times including their works.
VII. References:
Lamucho, V.S., Baesa-Pagay, J.S., Cabalu, D.H., Pascual, J.C. and Norona, L.F. (2003). Introduction to Humanities. Malabon City
Ramirez, V. E., Leynes, M.A. and Fajardo, B.V. (2008). Minding the Arts:Art Appreciation for College. Malabon City
2 ARCHITECTURE
AMA Education System
Panay Avenue, QuezonCity
ART, Man and Society
I. Title : Architecture
II. Introduction
The goal of architecture has always been the provision of shelter. The outcome of this however, depends on the availability of raw materials and technical know-how of each particular age and civilization.
In this module, you will encounter the different types of architecture, the principles and systems architects use in their construction and the unique architectural designs of the Filipino architects.
III. Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
- define architecture
- discuss the different principles and systems used by the architects in their construction
- differentiate the different types of architecture
- appreciate the works of the famous architects
- identify the unique architectural designs of the Filipino architects
IV. Past Lesson
v Painting and Sculpture
V. Content
Definition of Architecture
v The art and science of building (Collier, 1995 as cited by Lamucho et al)
v It is the science, art, or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures.
Different Principles or Systems Used by Architects in the Construction
Post and Lintel. It makes use of vertical supports like walls, columns or posts that hold horizontal beams or lintels above them.
Arch. This consists a several wedge-shaped blocks held together by a key stone.
Dome. It is a hemispherical extension that forms part or all of the roof or ceiling resembling an inverted cup.
Truss. This makes use of a braced framework of beams or bars forming one or more triangles.
Cantilever. This is made of structural part such as truss, a beam or a slab that projects horizontally and anchored only at one end.
Types of Architecture
SphinxEgyptian Architecture
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v The prime source of early Egyptian architectural design was done in sunbaked bricks together with papyrus and the lotus.
v Stone was undertaken after thousands of year.
v Pyramid of Egypt typify monumental architecture .
v Pyramid was constructed as an eternal resting place of the pharaohs, or kings of Egypt. Matabas were built for the nobility.
v Great Pyramid of Khufu (2680-2565 B.C.) , a towering 480 feet high with a base covering 13 acres is found in the pyramid complex at Giza. The Temple of Sphinx was built on the post and lintel system.
Greek Architecture
v Greek architecture is of three types: the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian. The Doric is more massive and strong columns resting on a base of three steps. The Ionic is more graceful but more slender without the strength of the Doric. Corinthian has columns which are more slender than the Ionic.
v Greek architecture is best exemplified in the temples of the gods and the goddesses.
v The Parthenon is a temple dedicated to goddess Athena (Goddess of Wisdom), and is considered the most nearly perfect building in the world because of its exact mathematical calculation by the chief architect, Iknitus. He used the Doric order.
v Erechtheum which begun in 421BC is considered the finest example of the Ionic order and is dedicated to Erecteus, mythological king (Bogart, 1970, cited by Lamucho et al 2003) and Temple of Apollo Epicurius erected by Lysicrates in 335-334 BC used the Corinthian order.
Roman Architecture
v The Romans adapted the earlier cultures such as those of the Greeks which they modified by adding the Tuscan, and a combination of the Ionic and Corinthian orders.
v Roman architecture is more elaborate than the Greek architecture in terms of huge interiors and vast spaces to hold enormous number of people.
v Forms of architecture; aqueduct, temples, baths and theatres, forum buildings, arches and homes
v The Pantheon was built by emperor Hadrian in AD 118-126 and is noted for its vast space and dome design
v Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater was done in arched construction. It is where the classic scale of Roman architecture is evident
Byzantine Architecture
v Inspired by the roman architecture but developed later into a competent style which was remarkably wealthy, colourful and luxurious.
v It was characterized by a central dome over a square space, with mosaic and marble veneered walls.
v It excelled Roman architecture by its colorfulness trough the generous use of colored stone and mosaic walls and windows
v Church of Hagia Sophia is the greatest achievement of the dome-style construction, built for Emperor Justinian by Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles in A.D. 532-537
Romanesque Architecture
v Roman architecture is character by different styles because it kept some old styles while others were renewed.
v The round arch was a very prominent style
v Prominent for its strength and grandeur is the Durham Cathedral with its rich and massive piers for nave arcade.
v In Germany, this architecture laid the classic foundation for their culture. Famous German Romanesque Church is the Cathedral of Monreale which got from the late Roman early Christian basilica; Santiago de Compostela is a famous Spanish Romanesque Church.
Gothic Architecture
v It is known as the architecture of the pointed arch
v Gothic is derived from Goth, a barbarian, who came to help overthrow the Roman empire.
v Gothic architecture found its expression in the church or the cathedral. It did not only become a religious monument but a way of showing the strength and wealthy of the city. Gothic churches were filled with illuminated manuscripts, rich tapestries, and stained glass windows.
v Some impressive churches are: Cathedral of Notre dame at Chartres, acclaimed as the Glory of the Middle Ages; Salisbury Cathedral as aleading example of Early English or Lancet gothic; Cathedral of Siena by Giovann Pisano, as a rare example of Italian gothic.
Renaissance Arcitecture
v Characterized by the revival of classic antiquity merged with Greek and Roman culture.
v It was reflective of the rise of individualism as the period was the age of the individual
v .Rome was the center of the renaissance in the 16th century with Bramante (1444-1514) , as its greatest architect.
v Tempieto Nel Chiotro was a famous work of Bramante.
v Other Renaissance works are: Nave and Choir of San Lorenzo in Florence which was conceived by Filippo Brunelleschi in about A.D. 1425; Cathedral of Santa Maria del Flores in Florence; Chateau of Chambord (1526-1544) in France
Modern Architecture
v New ways and principles were combined with old ones paved the way to new constructions
v Structural materials such as steel, reinforced concrete, glass in large sheets, plastic, fabricated and prefabricated materials
v Sir Joseph Paxton built the sensational Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851 at London Hyde’s Park. It was built out of iron rods and sheathed by panes and glass. This building was the world’s first prefabricated building and the prototype today’s steel selection and glass skyscrapers.
v Functionalism was for the architects during this period because they believed that form must be based on function. Louis Sullivan attested this in his theory. Schlesinger and Mayer building expressed this theory.
v Frank Lloyd Wright, America’s greatest architect said, man’s home should express his personality and it should be adapted to the natural surroundings of its location. His famous works are: Kaufmann House and Falling Water. Kaufmann is one of his best known home which is built over the bed of a stream and clings to the gorge on each side of it.
NOTE: For the images of the ARCHITECTURE .. PLEASE REFER TO THE PDF FILES . THANKS
3 INSTALLATION ARTS , PHOTOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL ARTS
AMA Educational System
Panay Avenue, Quezon City
ART APPRECIATION
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I. Title : Photography
Digital Art
Installation Art
II. Introduction
Every person holds on to a photo of a loved one. Every home has photos on display. Every newspaper, book, magazine or even the computer has photos of events, good or bad. A photograph captures images that can be kept for years. Have photos of events, good or bad. A photograph captures images that can be kept for years. Have photos of events, good or bad. A photograph captures images that can be kept for years. Have photos of events, good or bad. A photograph captures images that can be kept for years.
Photography using film is fast being replaced by digital photography using pixels that is viewed electronically through computers and cell phones. Film photography requires lower initial cost and is better in capturing detail in black and white and has a high resolution. Digital photography has higher initial cost because the digital camera, which is very light in weight, is more costly than the film camera. Its mega pixels are limited to the camera model and therefore allow lower resolution. It has a memory card that can store a lot more images than a roll of film. Images captured by the digital camera can be edited and manipulated through the computer. You can print on photographic paper only the images you like. Digital camera offers may options for effects such as zoom, wide-angle, and built-in filters.
III. Objectives:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
- Define photography, digital art and installation art operationally;
- Describe the visual impact of the use of perspectives;
- Explain how computer and art works as one in digital art;
- Discuss how digital artists ‘recreate’ images, both from photos and nature;
- Describe the impact of the way the artists generally manipulate space in installations.
IV. Past Lesson
v Architecture
V. Content:
A photograph is a two-dimensional representation of people, events, objects or any three-dimensional form. It is the art of recording images through a camera through the use of film and printing them on photographic paper through a chemical process.
Photography is of different types:
Advertising photography illustrates a service or product. These images are generally done with an advertising agency, design firm or with an in-house corporate design.
Editorial photography illustrates a story or idea within the context of a magazine. These are usually assigned by the magazine.
Photojournalism is used for journalism work. Photographs are made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story.
Portrait and wedding photography are made and sold directly to the end user of the images
Fine Art photography is creative production of images using the camera, special lighting and other effects for artistic expression.
The Composition of Photography
Photography uses film that comes in cartridge rolls that are easily mounted inside the camera box. Today, the material used inphotography has evolved from film to digital. Digital photography emerged through technological developments in computer systems. Images are recorded instantly, which may be viewed in the camera, LCD or through the computer. These images may be printed through the computer printer on special printing paper or on a plain bond paper.
Other requirements of photography:
- The subject. This is the main focus of your photograph. It is what you want the viewers to see first when they see the image. It can be a still life, portrait, landscape, human interest, lights or distorted figures. It is usually the sharpest object in the photograph.
- Background and foreground. What is in front of your subject is the foreground. What is behind your subject is your background.
- Rule of Thirds. An ordinary subject matter such as sunset or mountains and plains can turn out to be a very interesting photograph with an artistic composition (the arrangement of the elements within the frame). The subject should be located either above or below the center of the frame because the viewer’s eye is naturally drawn to the shapes within a frame and not to its center.
- Lighting. Photographs without lighting are dull because the basic ingredient in photography is light. Avoid strong direct light on your subject and dark shadows. Check the lighting of the background in relation to your subject and make sure that background lighting is not stronger than the subject.
- Motion. Motion can be captured through the camera. A fast shutter speed can freeze a motion. A slow shutter speed can make the image blurred.
Trivia on the Making of the Artwork
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At the time when photography is moving away from film into digital pixels, the six photographers : Jerry Burchfield, March Chamberlain, Jacques Garnier, Rob Johnsoin, Douglas McCulloh, and Clayton Spada maDe the largest photograph measuring 13.71 x 48.76 x 24.38m (45 x 160 x 80 ft) as if to declare that traditional photography using film is still making an impact. The camera they used produces a photograph on canvas measuring 9.62 x 33.83 m (31ft. 7in x 11ft). The photograph is referred to asthe Great Picture, it was created over nine months led by the six artists mentioned above and aided by 400 volunteers, artists and experts. Guinness certifies that photograph as the world’s largest photograph and camera.
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Digital Art
Digital Art is considered new media and is produced with the aid of technology and computer. It is an overarching term that refers to all mechanized or computer-based arts. It is an art of the World Wide Web, CD-ROMS, computer graphics, cybernetic sculptures, even dance, film, photography, synthesized.
The use and application of digitized or computer media in making digital art has definitely made a new language requirement as new forms are created without referent within the digital world.
How Digital Art is Done
The computer is the essential medium or tool for this art. One of the strongest points of this tool is its seemingly limitless digital capability to reposition, combine, filter, color, alter and produce new images within the friction-less and seamless space of its memory. The computer has endowed the artist with ‘effortless’ image-making freedom never before imagined
Seven types of digital art:
- digital photography,
- photo painting,
- digital collage,
- integrated digital art,
- digital painting,
- vector drawing
- and algorithm/fractals.
Digital photography. The artist uses a digital or conventional camera. The photographs are digitized and translated to the computer environment where the artist uses image editing and special effects software to perform darkroom type manipulations.
Photo Painting. This combines the disciplines of photography and painting. The artist uses image editing and paint software to go beyond dark room techniques to add further expression to the image.
Digital Collage. This is a technique of combining many images from varying sources into one image. This is most commonly achieved by the use of layering techniques in image editing and paint software.
Integrated Digital Art . This is the “mixed media” of the digital art world. Artists combine any number of the techniques to achieve unique results.
Digital Painting
Two-dimensional. The art creates 2D images today in the computer virtual environment with the use of painting tools that emulate natural media styles. Sometimes referred to as ‘Natural ‘Media
Digital art is an over arching term that refers to all mechanized or computer-based art. For example: art generated with the aid of digital technology. It includes animation, the art of the World Wide Web, CD-ROMS, computer graphics, cybernetic sculptures, and even dance, film, photography, synthesized music and laser shows. Digital art involves a complex interaction among the artist, the medium, and the “viewer.”
Vector drawing
Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based on mathematical expressions, to represent images in computer graphics. "Vector", in this context, implies more than a straight line. Vector graphics is based on images made up of vectors (also called paths, or strokes).
Algorithmic/Fractal Art
Algorithmic art is a subset of generative art, and is practically always executed by a computer. If executed by a computer, it is also classified as computer-generated art, but in much computer-generated art the role of the computer is confined to the execution. In contrast, in algorithmic art the creative design is the result of an algorithmic process, usually using a random or pseudo-random process to produce variability.
Fractal art is a form of algorithmic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, and media. Fractal art developed from the mid 1980s onwards. It is a genre of computer art and digital art which are part of new media art. The Julia set and Mandlebrot sets can be considered as icons of fractal art.
Fractal art (especially in the western world) is not drawn or painted by hand. It is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software; executing the possibly lengthy calculation; and evaluating the product.
Trivia on the Making of the Artwork
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Cyberspace provides a new venue for artistic works. The Internet has brought together Filipino artists from different countries to create art, exchange ideas, sentiments and expressions digitally through a project called Banggaan.
You might compare Banggaan to a jazz session, where various musicians are given full play to bring in their own improvisations in solo passages while integrating with the basic “beat” or theme of the music. It is the art of collaborative effort as opposed to art as exclusively one individual’s creation. The notion is not really anathema to art practices, for after all architecture involves a team effort of various individuals with various skills, and music is performed by various musicians playing various instruments; theatre and film are decidedl;y the product of group effort.
(http://www.laluzdejesus.com/artcrawl/arts_books_press.html) cited by Ramirez et al, 2008
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INSTALLATION ART
Installation Art is a genre that refers to temporary constructions or assemblages made of varied materials that are structured within a space.
How Installation Art is Done
The materials used are varied and range from the natural to the artificial. . Most of these media are perishable and/or cast offs or simply object-detritus.
Reeds, tree branches, rocks, textiles, plastics. Empty match boxes, dead batteries, rope and machines-working and not working are among the endless possibilities
that are used or assembled in three-dimensions to make up an installation work. These are set up in ordinary spaces such as a wide-open ground, a street, a corridor,
a backroom or even a prison cell, in contrast to the limited gallery niches allotted to traditional art objects. In favour of their strong conceptualist tendencies and
by the very nature of the materials and processes involved to create them, as well as the spatial reconstructions within which they are assembled, installations
do not seek permanence that typify traditional single art objects. In fact, most of them have quick turnover.
They are assembled, exhibited, and after display, they are permanently dismantled or simply left out.
Space is one of the most important elements in installation works. It is used to convey a new environment, which turns into context.
Most installations enjoin the participation of the viewer to complete the work, and to drive its meaning.
The ideas and concepts that installations illustrate commonly allude to issues related to man’s contemporary existence.
Trivia on the Making of the Artwork
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In Japan, people discard electrical and other household articles during two designated days in a month. These days are called gomi days. Most of the articles that are disposed off are in perfect working condition and may include cupboards to color TV and VCRs, to gas stoves and microwave ovens and washing machines. At least in Tokyo, the municipal rules says that one’s gomi has to be put in three different color-coded, transparent bags: pink for plastics (non-burnable), green for paper (burnables), and blue for tins and other metals. These gomi are the materials with which Junyee created the installation art piece discussed earlier.
(Ramirez et al, 2008)
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VI. Discussion guide:
- Choose two types of photography discussed in the reading and differentiate between the two.
- Explain how computer and art work as one in digital art.
- Choose two types of digital art and differentiate between the two. Search in the Internet some examples of these two types of digital art.
- Describe the impact of the way artists generally manipulate space in installations.
VII. References
Lamucho, V.S., Baesa-Pagay, J.S., Cabalu, D.H., Pascual, J.C. and Norona, L.F. (2003). Introduction to Humanities. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Ramirez, V. E., Leynes, M.A. and Fajardo, B.V. (2008). Minding the Arts:Art Appreciation for College. Malabon City: Mutya PPublishing House, Inc.
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